Manajan Kula da Jiragen Ruwa na Ma'adinai na Ma'adinai Ya ƙayyade SAMU sassa masu gefuna masu tauri don Ayyukan Bulldozer Push

Abin da Na Koya Game da SAMU Takamaiman Bayani Kan Masu Yin Bulldozers Na Quarry Bayan Shekaru 10 Na Samar Da Kayan Hako Ma'adinai

Lokacin da na fara samar da kayan aikin haƙar ƙasa (GET) ga ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai a shekarar 2015, kuskuren da na gani manajojin kula da jiragen ruwa na haƙar ma'adinai suna yi shine ƙayyade gefuna na GET bisa ga farashi kawai - siyan mafi arha zaɓi wanda zai dace da kayan aikinsu ba tare da la'akari da yadda kayan haƙar ma'adinai ke lalata su ba, lokutan aiki a kowace rana, ko jimillar kuɗin da ake kashewa na amfani da GET a tsawon rayuwar kayan aikin. Sakamakon ko dai ya kasance lalacewa da wuri (lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfi a yanayin da ke da ƙarancin ƙarfi) ko kuma tsada mai yawa (lokacin da aka yi amfani da tips ɗin tungsten carbide mai tsada a yanayin da ke da ƙarancin ɓarna inda ƙarfe mai zafi ya isa).

A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, na samar da kayayyakin GET ga ayyukan haƙa ma'adanai a duk faɗin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Tsakiyar Asiya, tun daga ƙananan wuraren haƙa ma'adanai na dutse da iyali ke sarrafawa waɗanda ke samar da tan 50,000 a kowace shekara zuwa manyan ayyukan haƙa ma'adanai na dutse waɗanda ke samar da tan miliyan 2 a kowace shekara. Na gudanar da nazarin ƙimar sawa, na yi nazarin jimillar farashin amfani da GET a kowace tan na kayan da aka motsa, kuma na yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin gyara don inganta tazara tsakanin canjin GET da ayyukan aiki. Abin da na koya shi ne cewa ƙayyadaddun GET shawara ce ta injiniya da ke da alhakin bayanai, ba shawarar siye ba, kuma cewa ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya rage jimlar farashin GET da kashi 30-50% idan aka kwatanta da ƙayyadaddun bayanai marasa ma'ana bisa ga mafi ƙarancin farashi na farko.

Fahimtar Fasaha ta GET: Tsarin Karfe Guda Ɗaya da Tsarin Welded-Tippet

Kayan aikin haɗa ƙasa don bulldozers na haƙa ma'adinai suna samuwa a cikin manyan tsare-tsare guda biyu: ƙarfe ɗaya (inda adaftar da gefen yankewa siminti ɗaya ne ko kuma an ƙirƙira su) da kuma welded-tippet (inda aka haɗa gefen siminti daban ko kuma aka kulle shi ta hanyar injiniya akan adaftar ƙarfe). Zaɓin tsakanin waɗannan tsarin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga farashin aiki, aikin kulawa, da haɗarin kayan aiki.

Tsarin GET guda ɗaya

Tsarin GET na ƙarfe ɗaya shine tsarin gargajiya na gefunan yanke bulldozer kuma ya kasance abin da aka saba amfani da shi a ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da yawa. Duk kayan aikin - daga hanyar kullewa da ke haɗa shank ɗin ruwan dozer zuwa gefen yankewa wanda ya taɓa kayan haƙar ma'adinai - yanki ɗaya ne na ƙarfe mai ƙarfe da aka yi wa zafi. Idan gefen yankewa ya lalace ko ya karye, ana cire dukkan kayan aikin kuma a maye gurbinsu da sabo.

Fa'idodin tsarin ƙarfe ɗaya sune sauƙi (babu walda da za a kula da shi, babu kayan aikin riƙe tip da za a duba, kuma babu haɗarin asarar tip yayin aiki) da aminci (ƙarfe ɗaya GET wanda aka sanya shi yadda ya kamata ba zai lalace ta hanyar da ke haifar da lalacewar ruwan wukake ba). Rashin amfani shine farashi: lokacin da gefen yankewa ya lalace bayan awanni 200-600 na aiki, dole ne a maye gurbin dukkan kayan - gami da ɓangaren adaftar wanda bai taɓa lalacewa ba kwata-kwata -. Don kayan ma'adinan ma'adinai masu yawan gogewa inda gefen yankewa ke lalacewa da sauri, wannan yana nufin maye gurbin adaftar da ba a saka ba 70-80% a kowace sa'o'i 200-400, wanda hakan yana da asara a tattalin arziki.

Tsarin GET da aka Welded-Tippet

Tsarin GET mai walda yana magance matsalar tattalin arziki na tsarin ƙarfe ɗaya ta hanyar raba ɓangaren lalacewa (tip) daga ɓangaren tsarin (adaftar). Lokacin da tip ɗin ya lalace, tip ɗin kawai ake maye gurbinsa - adaftar ɗin yana nan a kan ruwan dozer, kuma ana walda sabon tip ko kuma a kulle shi ta hanyar injiniya. Don ayyukan ma'adinai masu yawa, wannan na iya rage farashin aiki na GET da kashi 30-40% saboda farashin adaftar yana raguwa idan aka kwatanta da maye gurbin tip da yawa.

Duk da haka, tsarin walda mai tippet yana haifar da haɗari waɗanda ba sa wanzuwa da tsarin ƙarfe ɗaya. Walda tsakanin tip da adaftar haɗin gwiwa ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba mai yawa daga 冲击 da goge kayan ma'adinai. Idan walda ba a yi shi don takamaiman haƙar ma'adinai ba (yawanci AWS D14.1 ko makamancin haka), ko kuma idan ba a duba walda akai-akai don tsagewa da gajiya ba, gazawar walda mai tip yayin aiki na iya sa tip ya karye ya zama babban abin fashewa a cikin ma'adinan, ko kuma zai iya haifar da lalacewa ga ruwan dozer wanda ke kashe 5-10x na farashin ɓangaren GET don gyarawa. A cikin gogewata, haɗarin gazawar walda shine babban dalilin da yasa wasu masu aikin ma'adinan suka fi son tsarin ƙarfe ɗaya - suna karɓar mafi girman farashin kowane canji don kawar da haɗarin gazawar walda.

Zabi na uku wanda ke guje wa rashin ingancin farashi na ƙarfe ɗaya da haɗarin walda na walda shine tsarin makullin makulli na inji, inda ake riƙe ƙarshen a cikin adaftar ta hanyar tsarin riƙewa na inji (fil na kullewa, SetRing, ko tsarin wedge) maimakon walda. Ana iya canza ƙarshen makullin injina cikin mintuna 5-10 (idan aka kwatanta da mintuna 30-60 don tip ɗin walda), kuma suna kawar da haɗarin gazawar walda gaba ɗaya, amma suna buƙatar dubawa akai-akai da kula da tsarin makulli don tabbatar da cewa tips ɗin ba su ɓace yayin aiki ba. Ina ƙara ba da shawarar tsarin makullin injina don ayyukan ma'adinai inda ingancin kulawa yake canzawa kuma inda sakamakon asarar tip yake da tsanani.

Zaɓin Maki na Kayan Aiki Dangane da Ƙarfin Kayan Aikin Ma'adinai

Ƙarfin ƙashin kayan aikin haƙa shine babban abin da ke haifar da zaɓin ma'aunin kayan GET, kuma daidaita ma'aunin kayan da ƙashin su shine mafi mahimmancin shawara a cikin ƙayyadaddun GET. Ana auna ƙashin kayan aikin haƙa ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun: gwajin ƙashin su na Los Angeles (LA75) yana auna asarar taro na samfurin ƙarfe mai daidaito bayan juyin juya hali 500 tare da kayan aikin haƙa; ma'aunin ƙashin su na Cerchar (CAI) yana auna taurin ƙashin kayan aikin haƙa akan stylus na ƙarfe. Duk gwaje-gwajen suna ba da bayanai masu amfani, kuma yawanci ina amfani da LA75 azaman ma'aunin ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na farko saboda yana da alaƙa da rayuwar lalacewa ta GET a cikin ƙwarewar da nake da ita a fagen.

Kayan da ba sa ƙara ƙazanta (Limestone, Marmara, Gypsum)

Ma'adinan dutse na dutse, marmara, da gypsum suna da ƙimar LA75 a cikin kewayon 20-30 (ma'ana kayan yana haifar da asarar taro na 20-30% a cikin gwajin LA75) da kuma ma'aunin Cerchar na 0.5-1.5. Waɗannan kayan suna da laushi kuma suna haifar da lalacewar gogewa a kan gefunan yankewa na GET. Don waɗannan aikace-aikacen, na ƙayyade gefunan yanke ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe da aka yi wa zafi tare da taurin Brinell na 400-500 HB, wanda ke ba da isasshen lokacin lalacewa (sa'o'in aiki 300-600 ga kowane tip ɗin don bulldozers 320HP) a mafi ƙarancin farashi mai dacewa. Tips ɗin Tungsten carbide ko chrome carbide gabaɗaya ba su da tasiri a cikin kayan ƙarancin gogewa saboda haɓaka rayuwar lalacewa ta ƙaruwa ba ya tabbatar da farashin kashi 3-5 mafi girma ba.

Kayan Aiki Masu Tsabtace Tsabta (Dutsen Yashi, Tsakuwa, Ma'adinan Ƙarfe)

Dutse mai yashi, wasu siffofi na tsakuwa, da kuma ma'adanin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin daraja suna da ƙimar LA75 a cikin kewayon 40-60 da kuma ma'aunin Cerchar na 2.0-3.5. Waɗannan kayan suna haifar da lalacewar gogewa mai mahimmanci wanda zai lalata ƙarfe mai matsakaicin zafi da aka yi amfani da shi cikin sauri. GET Don waɗannan aikace-aikacen, na ƙayyade ƙarfe mai matsakaicin ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da shi da zafi tare da ƙarin chromium (yawanci 2-4% chromium) don ƙara tauri da juriya ga lalacewa, tare da taurin Brinell na 500-600 HB. Ƙarin chromium yana ƙara farashin da kusan 15-25% idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfe mai matsakaicin zafi amma yana ƙara tsawon lokacin lalacewa da 50-100%, wanda hakan ke sa ya zama mai rahusa ga aikace-aikacen matsakaici-ragewa. A madadin haka, na ƙayyade farantin murfin chrome carbide akan fuskar ƙarshe don mafi kyawun mafita a cikin kayan matsakaici-ragewa - rufin yana ba da taurin saman 600-700 HB yayin da substrate ya kasance ƙarfe mai tauri.

Kayan Aiki Masu Tsabta (Granite, Basalt, Quartzite)

Granite, basalt, quartzite, da wasu nau'ikan ma'adinan ƙarfe masu tauri suna da ƙimar LA75 a cikin kewayon 70-100 da kuma Cerchar indices na 4.0-6.0. Waɗannan kayan suna daga cikin kayan halitta mafi ƙazanta da ake samu a aikin haƙa, kuma ƙarfe mai zafi da aka yi wa GET na iya lalacewa cikin ƙarancin sa'o'in aiki na 50-100 a cikin waɗannan yanayi. Don aikace-aikacen da ke da ƙarfi sosai, na ƙayyade tips ɗin haɗakar tungsten carbide (tare da tauri mai yawa na 1,500-1,800 HB) ko faranti masu juriya ga abrasion na musamman tare da tauri mai ƙarfi (surface 650-700 HB). Farashin waɗannan kayan mafi kyau shine sau 3-10 na farashin ƙarfe mai zafi, amma tsawon lokacin lalacewa (sa'o'in aiki 1,000-4,000 ya danganta da takamaiman matakin kayan da kuma yadda kayan haƙa) ya sa su zama zaɓi mafi inganci idan aka yi la'akari da cikakken farashin lokacin aiki, aiki, da asarar yawan aiki.

Ainihin Kudin Sayarwa a Ayyukan Ma'adanai

Kudin lalacewar GET a ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ya fi yawa fiye da yadda yawancin manajojin hakar ma'adinai suka sani, domin farashin sassan kai tsaye ƙaramin ɓangare ne kawai na jimlar kuɗin. A cikin gogewata da ke nazarin bayanan farashin GET daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a ƙasashe da yawa, jimlar farashin lalacewar GET ya kasu kamar haka: 20-30% shine farashin kai tsaye na sassan GET (tips, adapters, yanke gefuna); 30-40% shine farashin aikin lokacin hutu don canje-canjen GET da kula da ruwan wukake; kuma 40-50% shine farashin asarar aiki tare da lalacewa ta biyu ga tsarin ruwan wukake na dozer wanda GET ya lalace ya haifar bayan canjin da aka ba da shawarar.

Tasirin Yawan Aiki na Wrang GET

Idan gefuna na GET suka lalace fiye da wurin canjin da aka ba da shawarar, ingancin turawar dozer yana raguwa sosai. Bulldozer mai GET mai kyau zai iya tura kayan aiki da kashi 15-25% a kowace awa fiye da injin guda ɗaya tare da GET da ya lalace yana aiki a cikin yanayi ɗaya. Wannan asarar yawan aiki ba koyaushe yake bayyana ba saboda yana taruwa a hankali yayin da GET ke lalacewa, amma a cikin cikakken ranar samarwa, bambanci tsakanin kulawa da kyau da GET da ya lalace na iya wakiltar raguwar kashi 10-20% a cikin kayan yau da kullun da aka motsa - wanda a farashin ƙofar ma'adinai na dala 10-30 kowace tan yana wakiltar dala 1,000-5,000 a kowace rana a cikin asarar kuɗin shiga don aikin ma'adinai na matsakaici.

Lalacewar da GET da aka yi amfani da shi a baya ke haifarwa wataƙila ita ce mafi ƙarancin farashi. Idan gefen yankewa ya lalace har ya kai ga rashin samar da saman yankewa mai kaifi, ruwan dozer zai fara hawa kan kayan maimakon yanke shi da tsabta. Wannan yana sa ruwan wukake ya taɓa saman ƙasa kuma faranti na fikafikai su yi kauri da kayan da ba a yanke ba, wanda ke hanzarta lalacewa a kan faranti na ƙasan ruwan wukake, faranti na fikafikai, da haɗin hannun turawa. Na ga gyaran tsarin dozer blade wanda ya kai dala 8,000-25,000 - sau biyar zuwa goma na farashin GET na shekara-shekara - wanda aka haifar ta hanyar aiki da GET da ya wuce wurin canjin da aka ba da shawarar.

SAMU Tsarin Canji na Tazara don Ayyukan Jiragen Ruwa na Ma'adinai

Ya kamata a yi amfani da tazarar canjin GET don bulldozers na ma'adinai a kan sikelin ma'adinai bisa la'akari da lalacewa, ba bisa ga jadawalin da aka tsara ba, saboda yadda ake lalata kayan ma'adinai ya bambanta tsakanin wuraren ma'adinai, tsakanin benci, da kuma tsakanin yanayi. Duk da haka, yawancin ayyukan ma'adinai suna buƙatar wurin farawa don tsara aikinsu na kulawa, kuma ina ba da waɗannan jagororin bisa ga nau'in kayan ma'adinai da kuma girman dozer, tare da shawarar cewa masu aiki su daidaita tazarar bisa ga ainihin ma'aunin filin.

Yarjejeniyar Dubawa

Ina ba da shawarar a duba GET na gani a duk lokacin da aka canza aiki - yawanci duk bayan awanni 8 ko 12 na aiki - wanda ke ɗaukar ƙwararren ma'aikaci ko ma'aikacin gyara kimanin mintuna 5 don yin sa. Ya kamata a duba: lalacewar hanci (a auna ragowar tsawon hanci daga hancin gaba zuwa kafadar adaftar - a maye gurbinsa idan yana cikin 10mm na kafadar adaftar); fasawar da ake iya gani (a nemi fasawar da ke gudana daga hancin gaba zuwa mahaɗin adaftar - duk wani tsagewa da ya wuce 5mm yana buƙatar maye gurbin kai tsaye); riƙe kai (don tsarin kulle-kulle na inji da na welded, a tabbatar cewa kai tsaye suna da aminci kuma tsarin riƙewa yana nan daram); da yanayin adaftar (a duba saman kulle adaftar da aka lanƙwasa ko ya lalace wanda zai iya hana wurin zama na kai tsaye).

Tsarin Canjin Lokaci

Don tsara gyare-gyare na farko, ina ba da shawarar waɗannan lokutan canji na GET a matsayin wuraren farawa, waɗanda aka daidaita bisa ga ainihin bayanan dubawa: don bulldozers na aji 320HP (wanda aka saba amfani da shi don ma'adinan dutse mai matsakaicin sikelin) a cikin dutse mai laushi (LA75 20-30): maye gurbin tips a lokutan aiki 300-500; a cikin dutse mai yashi (LA75 40-60): maye gurbin tips a lokutan aiki 200-400; a cikin granite/basalt (LA75 70-100): maye gurbin tips a lokutan aiki 100-200 da tips na tungsten carbide. Ga bulldozers na aji 520HP (wanda aka saba amfani da shi don manyan ma'adinan): auna tazara a sama da kimanin 0.8, saboda manyan kayan aiki suna da mafi girman farashin GET a kowace awa aiki saboda girman tips ɗin da ke ciki.

Don kayan aikin hakar ma'adinai, duba ƙa'idodin kayan aikin hakar ma'adinaiISO 10414ƙa'idodin kayan aikin haƙa dutse da kumaSAE na Ƙasa da Ƙasajagororin ƙayyadadden sa na kayan aikin motsa ƙasa.

Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin tsarin GET mai ƙarfe ɗaya da tsarin welded-tippet don bulldozers na ma'adinai?

Tsarin GET na ƙarfe ɗaya yana amfani da kayan siminti guda ɗaya ko na ƙirƙira inda adaftar da gefen yankewa yanki ɗaya ne - lokacin da gefen yankewa ya lalace, ana maye gurbin dukkan kayan, gami da adaftar da ba a sawa ba. Tsarin tippet na walda yana amfani da tippet na daban wanda aka haɗa shi da walda ko kuma aka kulle shi ta hanyar injiniya akan adaftar ƙarfe - ana maye gurbin tippet ɗin da ya lalace kawai lokacin da ya lalace, yana rage farashin aiki da 30-40%. Karfe ɗaya yana ba da sauƙi da kuma rashin haɗarin asara ta tippet; tippet na walda yana rage farashi amma yana haifar da haɗarin gazawar walda. Tsarin tippet na injina yana ba da zaɓi na uku - maye gurbin tippet ba tare da walda ba kuma ba tare da haɗarin gazawar walda ba.

Ta yaya darajar kayan aiki ke shafar rayuwar lalacewar GET a aikace-aikacen ma'adinai?

Matsayin kayan aiki shine babban abin da ke tantance tsawon rayuwar lalacewar GET. Karfe mai ƙarancin carbon (300-400 HB) yana lalacewa cikin awanni 100-200 a cikin dutse mai laushi. Karfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfe da aka yi wa zafi (450-550 HB) yana tsawaita tsawon rayuwar lalacewa zuwa awanni 300-500. Rufewar chrome carbide (600-700 HB) yana tsawaita tsawon rayuwar lalacewa zuwa awanni 600-1,000. Tips ɗin haɗakar carbide na Tungsten (1,500-1,800 HB) na iya tsawaita tsawon rayuwar lalacewa zuwa awanni 2,000-4,000 a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na gogewa. Dole ne a daidaita madaidaicin ma'aunin abrasionness na kayan haƙa ma'adinai na LA75 ko Cerchar - amfani da kayan inganci a cikin kayan ƙarancin abrasion yana ɓatar da kuɗi, yayin da amfani da ƙarfe na yau da kullun a cikin kayan ƙarancin abrasion yana haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da lalacewa ta biyu.

Menene ainihin kuɗin lalacewar GET a ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai?

Jimlar kuɗin da ake kashewa wajen saka GET ya haɗa da: (1) Kudin sassa na Direct GET — 20-30% na jimillar; (2) Kudin ma'aikata na maye gurbin — 30-40% na jimillar (sa'o'i 2-4 na hutu a kowane lokaci na canji); (3) Asarar yawan aiki daga lalacewa ta GET yana rage ingancin turawa da kashi 15-25% — 20-30% na jimillar; (4) Lalacewar ta biyu ga faranti na fikafikan ruwa, hannayen turawa, da faranti na lalacewa na ƙasa — 20-30% na jimillar. Jimlar kuɗin zai iya kaiwa dala 3-8 a kowace awa na aiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na hakar ma'adinai. Kudin gyaran tsarin ruwan wukake da aka samu ta hanyar aiki da lalacewa ta GET ta wuce wurin canjin da aka ba da shawarar zai iya kaiwa dala 8,000-25,000 a kowace taron — sau 5-10 na farashin GET na shekara-shekara.

Ta yaya gogewar kayan aikin haƙar ma'adinai na yau da kullun ke shafar zaɓin GET?

Ƙarfin gogewar kayan haƙar ma'adinai ya bambanta sosai: dutse mai laushi (LA75 20-30, Cerchar 0.5-1.0) yana amfani da ƙarfe mai zafi 450-500 HB tare da tsawon lokacin gogewa na awanni 300-600. Matsakaicin gogewar yashi da tsakuwa (LA75 40-60, Cerchar 2.0-3.0) yana buƙatar murfin chrome carbide na 550-650 HB tare da tsawon lokacin gogewa na awanni 300-500. Babban gogewar granite da basalt (LA75 70-100, Cerchar 4.0-6.0) yana buƙatar tips na tungsten carbide ko ƙarfe mai tauri (650-700 HB) tare da tsawon lokacin gogewa na awanni 400-2,000 dangane da matakin. Koyaushe gwada ko sami bayanan LA75/Cerchar don takamaiman kayan haƙar ma'adinai kafin ƙayyade ƙimar GET.

Wane lokaci na canjin GET ya kamata manajojin jiragen ruwa na ma'adinai su yi amfani da shi don bulldozers?

Tazarar canjin tushe akan lalacewa da aka auna, ba lokacin kalanda ba. Ga bulldozers na aji 320HP a cikin dutse mai laushi: awanni 300-500 na aiki a kowane saitin tip. A cikin sandstone: awanni 200-400 na aiki. A cikin granite/basalt: awanni 100-200 na aiki tare da tips na tungsten carbide. Ga bulldozers na aji 520HP, rage tazara da kusan 20%. Duba kowane canjin aiki (kowane awa 8-12) kuma maye gurbin lokacin da aka sa hancin gaba zuwa cikin 10mm na kafadar adaftar, duk wani fashewa da ake gani daga hanci zuwa adaftar ya wuce 5mm, ko asarar nauyi ya wuce 15% na asali. Yin aiki fiye da waɗannan matakan yana ƙara haɗarin lalacewa ta biyu sosai.